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Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference: Race in Early Modern Philosophy

Penned By Justin E.H. Smith
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Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference: Race in Early Modern Philosophy

Penned By Justin E.H. Smith
4.85 71,449 Ratings
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Editor's Note:
People have always been xenophobic, but an explicit philosophical and scientific view of human racial difference only began to emerge during the modern period. Why and how did this happen? Surveying a range of philosophical and natural-scientific texts, dating from the Spanish Renaissance to the German Enlightenment, "Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference" charts the evolution of the modern concept of race and shows that natural philosophy, particularly efforts to taxonomize and to order nature, played a crucial role.Smith demonstrates how the denial of moral equality between Europeans and non-Europeans resulted from converging philosophical and scientific developments, including a declining belief in human nature's universality and the rise of biological classification. The racial typing of human beings grew from the need to understand humanity within an all-encompassing system of nature, alongside plants, minerals, primates, and other animals. While racial difference as seen through science did not arise in order to justify the enslavement of people, it became a rationalization and buttress for the practices of trans-Atlantic slavery. From the work of Francois Bernier to G. W. Leibniz, Immanuel Kant, and others, Smith delves into philosophy's part in the legacy and damages of modern racism. With a broad narrative stretching over two centuries, "Nature, Human Nature, and Human Difference" takes a critical historical look at how the racial categories that we divide ourselves into came into being."

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Released June 29, 2015
Identifier (ISBN) 23744513
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Justin E.H. Smith
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Justin E.H. Smith

Justin E.H. Smith is a writer and avid reader based in the Pacific Northwest. Before pursuing writing full-time, they spent over a decade working in education. When not working on their next book, Justin E.H. Smith can usually be found hiking with their dog or trying out new coffee shops in their neighborhood.

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